A Quick Rundown of
Efficient Raccoon Removal: A Comprehensive Overview
Raccoons are interesting creatures, however their presence in metropolitan locations can result in a selection of troubles for property owners. Understood for their intelligence and mastery, raccoons commonly find their means into attic rooms, basements, and gardens, causing damage, contamination, and disturbances. As a result, it’s essential to comprehend reliable raccoon removal techniques to shield your residential or commercial property and guarantee your assurance.
The initial step in raccoon removal is identifying the indicators of their presence. Common indicators consist of raccoon tracks, droppings, and appears coming from your attic room or wall surfaces during the night. Raccoons are mostly nighttime, so their task often goes undetected throughout the day. If you locate yourself managing uncommon noises, marks on your trash bin, or rescinded flower pots, it’s time to explore even more.
As soon as you have actually confirmed a raccoon infestation, the next action is to secure your home versus these trespassers. This entails securing entrances and exits that raccoons may utilize to access to your residential or commercial property. Inspect vents, smokeshafts, and any kind of voids in your home siding or roofing. Additionally, ensure garbage is saved in raccoon-proof containers which pet food is not left outside overnight. Taking these preventative measures not only inhibits raccoons from entering your home yet additionally protects versus other wildlife intrusions.
If raccoons have actually currently made themselves comfy in your home, it’s critical to approach their elimination securely and humanely. Capturing is usually the most efficient method. Long-term traps accepted by wild animals services can be baited with food to draw raccoons. As soon as caught, it is essential to abide by regional wildlife laws concerning the relocation or euthanasia of raccoons. It is generally advised to work with an expert wild animals elimination solution to make sure that the procedure is handled safely and morally, as they have the proficiency to handle hassle wildlife properly.
To conclude, taking care of raccoons needs a combination of identification, avoidance, and humane elimination approaches. By acting to secure your home and seeking expert help when essential, you can efficiently handle raccoon populations and reduce the dangers they pose. Awareness and positive steps are essential to maintaining a tranquil conjunction with wildlife in urban atmospheres.
Getting Creative With Advice
Log cabins are treasured for their rustic appeal and all-natural elegance. Nevertheless, like any type of framework, they need routine maintenance and repairs to guarantee their long life. Whether you’re managing weathering, insect damages, or basic wear and tear, understanding the principles of log cabin repair work can help you maintain your cabin for several years to come. In this write-up, we’ll discover important tips for fixing your log cabin efficiently and successfully.
The first step in log cabin fixing is a comprehensive examination. Check out the logs for indications of decay, such as soft places, splits, or discoloration. Pay unique interest to areas near the foundation and in places where water may merge, as these areas are especially prone to damage. In addition, look for any signs of parasite problems, such as woodpecker holes or sawdust, which can indicate a trouble with insects like termites or carpenter . Documenting these issues will certainly assist you prioritize repair services and focus your efforts where they are most required.
As soon as you’ve determined the areas that need repair service, the next action is to collect the needed tools and materials. Typical supplies for log cabin repair service include wood chemical, caulking, chinking (the material that fills the spaces between logs), and substitute logs if required. It’s critical to utilize top notch materials created for log homes to make certain durability. Likewise, devices such as blades, a saw, a sander, and a caulk weapon will be crucial for proper repair work. Preparing your workspace and having whatever prepared will certainly make the repair service process much smoother.
After gathering your products, you can begin the fixing procedure. For minor fractures and voids, apply timber preservative to shield against moisture and prevent further degeneration. Usage chinking or caulking to load larger voids in between logs, making certain a tight seal that stays out wetness and parasites. If you discover seriously harmed logs, you may require to replace them entirely. When replacing logs, ensure that you make use of the exact same type of wood for a regular look and feature. Correctly securing and completing the repaired locations will additionally enhance the long life of your repair services.
To conclude, keeping and fixing a log cabin requires cautious attention and the ideal approach. By regularly evaluating your cabin, gathering the appropriate products, and performing extensive fixings, you can maintain your log home in superb problem for generations. Keep in mind, normal maintenance is essential to avoid extra significant problems in the future. Embrace the opportunity to look after your log cabin and appreciate its heat and character throughout the years.
The Essential Laws of Explained
Aerial Lift Qualification: Ensuring Safety And Security and Conformity in the Office
Airborne lift qualification is an essential aspect of work environment security that makes sure drivers are competent in dealing with airborne work systems (AWPs). These makers, that include scissor lifts and boom lifts, are vital for different markets that require jobs to be performed at heights, such as building, maintenance, and stockroom operations. This short article delves into the importance of airborne lift certification, the training procedure, regulative compliance, and the advantages of keeping a certified workforce.
The requirement for airborne lift certification arises from the inherent dangers associated with working at heights. Accidents can happen as a result of operator error, mechanical failure, or insufficient safety measures, resulting in extreme injuries or casualties. To minimize these risks, governing bodies such as the Occupational Safety And Security and Health Management (OSHA) have established standards that mandate proper training and accreditation for aerial lift drivers. Compliance with these guidelines not only safeguards workers but additionally guards companies from lawful responsibilities and fines.
The training procedure for aerial lift qualification commonly includes both academic and useful components. Academic training covers safety protocols, equipment procedure, dangers related to airborne lifts, and emergency procedures. Practical training involves hands-on experience with the equipment, enabling operators to develop skills in maneuvering the lift, carrying out pre-operation evaluations, and properly making use of security features. Upon effective completion of the training, individuals receive an accreditation card, indicating their competency to operate airborne lifts safely.
Preserving a licensed workforce lugs many advantages beyond compliance with regulations. Appropriately trained operators are most likely to follow safety protocols, decreasing the chance of crashes and improving general work environment safety and security. In addition, accredited drivers can contribute to higher performance, as they are knowledgeable in successfully making use of the tools. Companies additionally enhance their credibility by demonstrating a dedication to safety and security, which can lead to enhanced trust fund from customers and stakeholders.
To conclude, aerial lift qualification is necessary in cultivating a safe working environment where staff members can successfully execute jobs at elevation. By focusing on appropriate training and certification for aerial lift operators, organizations can make certain conformity with safety and security regulations, lower mishap dangers, and promote a culture of security that benefits everybody involved. Buying airborne lift qualification is not simply a lawful need; it’s a positive step towards accomplishing a safer, extra effective workplace.
Study: My Understanding of
In today’s hectic economic landscape, remaining educated is extra essential than ever before. A monetary newsletter functions as an essential source for people and services intending to make enlightened decisions regarding their financial investments and economic future. These e-newsletters provide curated details on market trends, stock analyses, financial forecasts, and far more, making them an indispensable device in wide range monitoring.
The main benefit of subscribing to an economic e-newsletter is the access to specialist insights. Many newsletters are crafted by experienced money specialists who assess market problems and create actionable guidance. Instead of sifting with many resources of information, a well-structured newsletter brings the most important updates and fads directly to your inbox, allowing you to remain in advance of the contour.
An additional substantial benefit of economic newsletters is their capability to aid in tactical preparation. With reports outlining market performance and emerging chances, capitalists can make informed decisions regarding where to allocate their sources. Whether you are searching for development supplies, reward payers, or arising market possibilities, a monetary e-newsletter can assist you in crafting a diversified profile that aligns with your monetary objectives.
Furthermore, monetary e-newsletters typically include educational web content that is suitable for both newbie and skilled investors. Articles based on essential principles in investing, monetary preparation tips, and study assist clients grow their understanding of the monetary globe. This education and learning facet equips readers to take control of their financial investment strategies and really feel even more certain in their financial choices.
In conclusion, registering for a financial newsletter can substantially enhance your investment method and general monetary proficiency. By offering timely understandings, promoting tactical preparation, and using educational sources, these newsletters verify to be essential assets in browsing the intricacies of the modern monetary environment. Whether you’re planning for retired life, seeking development possibilities, or simply beginning your financial investment trip, a financial newsletter can be your reliable companion in achieving your monetary goals.
6 Facts About Everyone Thinks Are True
If You Think You Understand , Then Read This
Questions About You Must Know the Answers To
Choosing the Right Fence Contractor for Your Project
When it comes to enhancing your property with a new fence, choosing the right fence contractor can significantly impact the quality and longevity of the installation. A well-constructed fence not only provides security and privacy but also boosts your home’s curb appeal. With several options available, it’s essential to know what to consider when selecting a contractor for your fencing project.
First and foremost, look for experience and expertise in the contractor you choose. A reputable fence contractor will have extensive knowledge of different fencing materials, styles, and local regulations. Check their portfolio to see examples of completed work, as this can give you an insight into their craftsmanship and design capabilities. Positive customer reviews and referrals are also crucial indicators of their reliability and professionalism.
Another critical factor to consider is the materials the contractor uses. Not all fencing materials are created equal; some may be more durable and suited to your climate than others. Discuss your specific needs and preferences with prospective contractors to ensure they can provide high-quality materials that align with your vision. It’s also helpful to ask about their warranties or guarantees, as these can reflect the contractor’s confidence in their work and materials.
Cost is often a deciding factor when hiring a fence contractor, but it’s important to remember that the lowest bid may not always be the best option. Request written estimates from multiple contractors, ensuring they detail all costs involved, including labor, materials, and any additional expenses. This transparency will help you make an informed decision and avoid unexpected costs later on. Additionally, ensure that the contractor is licensed and insured, as this protects you from liability in case of accidents during the installation process.
In conclusion, choosing the right fence contractor requires careful consideration of their experience, the quality of materials they use, and the overall cost. By conducting thorough research and asking the right questions, you can find a contractor who will deliver excellent results and help you achieve the fence of your dreams. Taking these steps will not only enhance your property’s value but also provide you with peace of mind knowing you made the right choice.
What I Can Teach You About
Recognizing the Relevance of Carrier Providers
In today’s fast-paced world, the need for reliable and effective delivery of items has actually skyrocketed. This is where courier services play a crucial function. Unlike typical postal services, carrier firms supply expedited delivery, typically offering same-day or next-day shipment alternatives. Companies and individuals alike count on couriers to fulfill their distribution needs, whether it’s sending out important documents, bundles, or products across town or around the world.
One of the key advantages of making use of a messenger service is the speed at which items can be provided. Lots of couriers utilize advanced logistics and modern technology to enhance their routes, making certain that packages reach their destination as quickly as feasible. This is especially vital for services that require to satisfy target dates or keep an one-upmanship in their market. Quick delivery not only boosts customer complete satisfaction but can also result in raised sales and commitment for services.
Along with speed, messenger services also prioritize security and monitoring. The majority of carrier business give tracking systems that enable senders and receivers to monitor the standing of their shipments in real-time. This openness adds a layer of reassurance, especially for useful or sensitive things. Furthermore, trusted courier solutions carry out rigorous security procedures to ensure that plans are taken care of with treatment, decreasing the threat of loss or damages during transportation.
In addition, the versatility of courier solutions makes them appropriate for various markets. From ecommerce businesses requiring to deliver products to doctor requiring immediate distribution of medical supplies, carriers use customized solutions to meet diverse logistical difficulties. With an enhancing dependence on online shopping, the role of carriers has expanded substantially, and they have become essential in preserving the flow of goods and services in the modern economic climate.
Finally, messenger solutions are more than just a method of transportation; they are a vital element of commerce in today’s interconnected world. Their capability to provide quick, safe and secure, and reliable distribution choices makes them important to services and people alike. As innovation remains to breakthrough, the courier industry is likely to advance further, incorporating a lot more ingenious solutions to improve service efficiency and meet the ever-growing needs of consumers.
The Beginners Guide To (From Step 1)
Elements to Consider When Selecting Forensic Accountant
When choosing a forensic accountant, careful consideration is essential to ensure you hire a professional with the expertise and skills required to handle complex financial investigations. Forensic accountants play a crucial role in uncovering fraud, analyzing financial disputes, and assisting in legal cases involving financial irregularities. Given the sensitive nature of their work, selecting the right expert is key to obtaining accurate findings and credible testimony. Below are four key factors to evaluate when making this important decision.
The first factor to consider is the qualifications and certifications of the forensic accountant. A well-qualified forensic accountant typically holds relevant credentials such as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) license and specialized certifications like the Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE) or Certified in Financial Forensics (CFF) designation. These credentials demonstrate that the accountant has undergone rigorous training and possesses the technical expertise necessary for handling forensic investigations. Additionally, educational background and ongoing professional development play a critical role in ensuring that the accountant stays updated on industry trends and evolving fraud schemes. Verifying these qualifications ensures that you are working with a capable and knowledgeable professional.
Experience is another crucial consideration when selecting a forensic accountant. The complexity of financial investigations often demands years of practical experience in analyzing financial statements, identifying fraudulent activities, and providing expert testimony in legal proceedings. A forensic accountant with a proven track record in similar cases is better equipped to navigate the challenges of an investigation and deliver reliable results. It’s important to assess their experience in handling cases that align with your specific needs, such as embezzlement, contract disputes, or shareholder disagreements. Reviewing case studies or asking for references can provide insight into the accountant’s past performance and ability to handle complex cases.
Another important factor is the accountant’s ability to communicate findings clearly and effectively. Forensic accounting often involves translating complex financial data into understandable terms for non-financial stakeholders, including judges, attorneys, and juries. Strong communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for conveying key findings in reports and delivering compelling testimony in court if required. The forensic accountant should be able to explain intricate financial details in a straightforward manner without overwhelming or confusing the audience. Assessing their previous reports or observing how they present complex information can give you a sense of their communication effectiveness.
It is also essential to evaluate the technological proficiency of the forensic accountant. Modern forensic accounting involves the use of advanced software tools and data analytics to detect anomalies and identify fraudulent activities. An accountant who is proficient in using data visualization tools, database management systems, and audit software can streamline the investigative process and uncover insights that may otherwise be overlooked. In an era where financial fraud is increasingly sophisticated, working with a forensic accountant who leverages technology can make a significant difference in the efficiency and accuracy of the investigation.
Lastly, it is vital to consider the forensic accountant’s objectivity and professional integrity. A credible forensic accountant must maintain an unbiased perspective throughout the investigation and base their conclusions solely on the evidence uncovered. Any hint of partiality or conflict of interest can undermine the credibility of their findings and jeopardize the case. Ensuring that the accountant upholds ethical standards and adheres to professional guidelines is critical for maintaining the integrity of the investigation. You may want to inquire about their approach to ethical dilemmas or review their adherence to professional codes of conduct to confirm their impartiality.
The Best Advice About I’ve Ever Written
Relocating into a new home is an interesting milestone, however it can also be overwhelming. In the whirlwind of packaging and arranging, cleaning up frequently takes a backseat. That’s where move-in cleaning company enter play. These specialized services are developed to guarantee that your brand-new space is clean and all set for you to make it your own. This write-up will explore the advantages of employing specialist cleansers when transitioning right into a new home and just how it can set a positive tone for your experience.
Among the key benefits of employing move-in cleaning company is the thoroughness they offer. Unlike a typical clean-up, move-in solutions focus on entering every nook and cranny of your brand-new home. Professional cleansers use customized tools and eco-friendly products to deal with dust and grime, making certain that whatever from the cooking area to the restrooms is sterilized. This degree of information can help get rid of irritants and make sure a much healthier atmosphere as you work out in.
In addition, move-in cleaning services save you time and effort. Moving can be a labor-intensive process, and the last point you wish to do is spend hours scrubbing floorings or wiping down surfaces. By outsourcing the cleansing, you liberate your schedule to focus on unpacking and organizing your personal belongings. This can make the change to your new home smoother, permitting you to begin your brand-new chapter without unnecessary tension.
Furthermore, hiring a cleaning service can expose problems that you might not see during a laid-back walkthrough. Professional cleansers are trained to identify problems such as mold, architectural problems, or pest invasions that might need immediate attention. Resolving these problems before moving in can conserve you from future frustrations and expenditures.
To conclude, investing in move-in cleaning services is a clever option for anybody moving. It ensures a fresh and clean start in your brand-new room, conserves you beneficial time, and discovers possible concerns, supplying assurance as you change into your new home. As you get ready for your relocation, think about getting the help of specialists to make the process simpler and more delightful. With a fresh start, you can genuinely welcome the pleasure of your clean slate.
What Has Changed Recently With ?
“Roughing Out the Competition: The Importance of Sandblasting in Miami’s Industrial Landscape”
In the bustling city of Miami, where the sun always shines and the energy is always high, the industrial sector is a vital component of the local economy. From manufacturing to construction, the demand for high-quality equipment and materials is always on the rise. Amidst this backdrop, sandblasting has emerged as a crucial process in ensuring the smooth operation of various industries. In this article, we will delve into the world of sandblasting, exploring its significance, benefits, and applications in Miami’s industrial landscape.
Sandblasting, also known as abrasive blasting, is a surface preparation technique that uses compressed air or water to propel abrasive particles, such as sand, silica, or ceramic, against a surface. This process is designed to remove impurities, contaminants, and unwanted materials from the surface, leaving it clean, smooth, and ready for further processing or use. In Miami, where the humid climate and saltwater exposure can be harsh on equipment and structures, sandblasting plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity and longevity of various industrial assets.
One of the primary benefits of sandblasting is its ability to remove stubborn contaminants, such as rust, grime, and grease, from surfaces. This is particularly important in industries where cleanliness is paramount, such as in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. By removing impurities, sandblasting helps to prevent the spread of diseases, contamination, and other hazards that can compromise product quality and safety. In Miami’s industrial sector, where the demand for high-quality products is always high, sandblasting is an essential step in ensuring the cleanliness and integrity of equipment and materials.
Another significant advantage of sandblasting is its ability to improve surface finish and texture. By removing imperfections and irregularities, sandblasting helps to create a smooth, even surface that is ideal for painting, coating, or other finishing processes. In Miami’s construction industry, where buildings and infrastructure are constantly being built, renovated, or repaired, sandblasting is a crucial step in preparing surfaces for finishing. By ensuring a smooth, even surface, sandblasting helps to improve the overall appearance and durability of structures, reducing the risk of defects and costly repairs.
In addition to its benefits, sandblasting is also a cost-effective and efficient process. Unlike other surface preparation techniques, such as chemical cleaning or mechanical scrubbing, sandblasting is a relatively low-cost and quick process that can be performed on-site or in a controlled environment. In Miami’s industrial sector, where time and budget are always a concern, sandblasting is an attractive option for companies looking to streamline their operations and reduce costs.
Sandblasting is also a versatile process that can be applied to a wide range of surfaces and materials. From metal to concrete, wood to plastic, sandblasting can be used to clean, smooth, and prepare surfaces for various applications. In Miami’s manufacturing sector, where equipment and machinery are constantly being upgraded or replaced, sandblasting is an essential step in preparing surfaces for painting, coating, or other finishing processes.
In conclusion, sandblasting is a vital process in Miami’s industrial landscape, offering numerous benefits and applications that are essential to the smooth operation of various industries. From removing contaminants and improving surface finish to reducing costs and improving efficiency, sandblasting is a process that is worth considering for any company looking to improve its operations and stay ahead of the competition. By understanding the importance of sandblasting and its various applications, companies in Miami can ensure that their equipment, materials, and structures are always clean, smooth, and ready for use.
If You Read One Article About , Read This One
Unraveling the Mysteries of aba therapy in Elberta, AL
When you delve into the realm of autism spectrum disorder treatment options, you may come across terms like aba therapy, a type of treatment that has gained significant attention in recent years. As you explore the various options available in Elberta, AL, you may wonder what aba therapy entails and how it can benefit individuals with autism.
ABA, or Applied Behavior Analysis, is a scientific approach that focuses on understanding and changing behavior. This type of therapy is based on the idea that behavior is a product of its environment and that by analyzing and modifying the environment, you can change the behavior. In the context of autism treatment, aba therapy aims to increase desirable behaviors and reduce undesirable ones, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life for individuals with autism.
One of the key principles of aba therapy is the use of positive reinforcement. This involves rewarding desired behaviors with something pleasant or desirable, such as praise, attention, or a small treat. By consistently reinforcing desired behaviors, you can increase the likelihood of those behaviors occurring in the future. For example, if a child with autism is working on improving their communication skills, they may receive a reward for using a specific phrase or sentence correctly.
The benefits of aba therapy are numerous, and research has shown that it can be an effective treatment for individuals with autism. By targeting specific skills and behaviors, aba therapy can help individuals with autism develop essential life skills, such as communication, social skills, and self-care. Additionally, aba therapy can help reduce problem behaviors, such as aggression or self-injury, which can be a significant challenge for individuals with autism and their families.
In Elberta, AL, you can find a range of aba therapy providers who offer high-quality treatment services. These providers may include board certified behavior analysts, licensed therapists, and other trained professionals who specialize in aba therapy. When searching for an aba therapy provider, you should consider factors such as their level of experience, their approach to treatment, and their willingness to work with you and your family to develop a personalized treatment plan.
As you explore aba therapy options in Elberta, AL, you may also want to consider the different settings in which treatment can take place. Some aba therapy providers offer clinic-based services, where individuals with autism receive treatment in a clinical setting. Others may offer in-home therapy, where treatment takes place in the individual’s home. Additionally, some providers may offer community-based services, where treatment takes place in the community, such as at parks, libraries, or other public spaces.
The cost of aba therapy can vary depending on the provider, the setting, and the frequency of treatment. In general, aba therapy can be a costly treatment option, especially if it is not covered by insurance. However, many insurance providers now cover aba therapy as a medically necessary treatment for autism, and some providers may offer sliding scale fees or other forms of financial assistance. As you consider aba therapy as a treatment option, you should research the cost and explore available funding options to determine what will work best for your family.
When it comes to aba therapy, consistency is key. Treatment should be provided on a regular basis, ideally several times per week, and should be tailored to the individual’s specific needs and goals. You should also be actively involved in the treatment process, working closely with the aba therapy provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and providing feedback and support throughout the treatment process. By working together, you can help ensure that the individual with autism receives the most effective treatment possible.
ABA therapy providers in Elberta, AL, may also offer a range of other services and supports, such as parent training, sibling support groups, and community outreach programs. These services can provide valuable support and resources for families affected by autism, helping them to navigate the challenges of autism treatment and providing a sense of community and connection. As you explore aba therapy options in Elberta, AL, you should consider the range of services and supports offered by each provider and choose the one that best meets your family’s needs.
Ultimately, aba therapy can be a highly effective treatment option for individuals with autism, and Elberta, AL, offers a range of high-quality providers and services. By understanding the principles and benefits of aba therapy, exploring available options, and working closely with a qualified provider, you can help your loved one with autism receive the treatment and support they need to thrive. With the right treatment and support, individuals with autism can develop the skills and abilities they need to succeed and live fulfilling lives, and aba therapy can be a valuable tool in achieving this goal.
The process of finding an aba therapy provider can be overwhelming, but you can start by asking for referrals from your doctor, therapist, or other families who have experience with aba therapy. You can also search online for aba therapy providers in Elberta, AL, and review their websites, testimonials, and credentials to get a sense of their approach and qualifications. Once you have identified a few potential providers, you can schedule a consultation or meeting to discuss your family’s needs and determine whether their approach and services are a good fit.
You should also consider the role of parent training in aba therapy. Many aba therapy providers offer parent training as part of their services, which can provide you with the skills and knowledge you need to support your loved one with autism. Parent training may include topics such as behavioral techniques, communication strategies, and crisis intervention, and can help you to better understand and address your child’s needs. By participating in parent training, you can become a more effective and confident supporter of your child, and can help to ensure that they receive the most effective treatment possible.
In addition to parent training, many aba therapy providers also offer sibling support groups and other forms of family support. These services can provide a sense of community and connection for families affected by autism, and can offer a safe and supportive environment for siblings to share their experiences and feelings. Sibling support groups may include activities such as games, crafts, and discussions, and can help siblings to develop a greater understanding and appreciation of their brother or sister with autism.
As you explore aba therapy options in Elberta, AL, you should also consider the importance of community outreach and involvement. Many aba therapy providers participate in local events and fundraisers, and may offer services such as workshops, conferences, and support groups. These activities can help to raise awareness and understanding of autism, and can provide valuable resources and connections for families affected by autism. By participating in community outreach and involvement, you can help to build a stronger and more supportive community for individuals with autism and their families.
ABA therapy is a complex and multifaceted treatment option, and it is essential to work with a qualified and experienced provider to ensure that you receive the most effective treatment possible. As you consider aba therapy as a treatment option, you should research the credentials and qualifications of potential providers, and should ask questions about their approach, experience, and services. By taking the time to find a qualified and compassionate aba therapy provider, you can help your loved one with autism to receive the treatment and support they need to thrive.
The future of aba therapy is promising, with ongoing research and development of new techniques and technologies. As you explore aba therapy options in Elberta, AL, you should consider the potential benefits and limitations of this treatment option, and should stay informed about the latest developments and